Appendectomy, laparoscopic

  1. Relevant surgical anatomy

  • Prof. Dr. med. Gebhard Reiss

    Universität Witten/Herdecke

    Prof. Dr. med. Gebhard Reiss

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  • Relevant surgical anatomy

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    Surgical anatomy of the right lower quadrant

    The colon is about 1.5m long and originates at the confluence of the small intestine into the cecum. The cecum is located inferior to the ileocecal valve, has its own mesentery (→ mobility) with the appendicular artery and vein (← ileocolic artery← superior mesenteric artery) and is approx. 7cm long. The cul-de-sac tubular vermiform appendix arises from the medial wall of the cecum directly caudad of the ileocecal valve in the taenia libera. It is intraperitoneal, with a length of 2–20cm and a diameter between 0.5cm and 1cm. Usually, the appendix extends from the posterior middle of the cecum to the center of the body, but its position can be quite variable, and thus also the location and severity of tenderness. This surgical condition is incorrectly referred to as "appendicitis", although from an anatomical point of view the affected organ is merely the vermiform appendix of the cecum.

    Anatomical variants of the appendix:
      • Descending type: Appendix extending into the lesser pelvis. In women it may be closely adjacent to the ovary.
      • Medial position: Appendix between loops of the small intestine.
      • Lateral position: Appendix between the lateral abdominal wall and cecum.
      • Retrocecal position: Appendix turned craniad posterior to the cecum (65%)
      • Anterocecal position: Appendix turned craniad anterior to the cecum.
      • Subhepatic position: Appendix turned toward the liver and in contact with it.

    Histologically, the mucous membrane of the appendix demonstrates the same makeup as in the large bowel. However, it has a large number of lymphatic cells and thus becomes part of the human immune system. In addition, in the wall of the appendix the 3 individual strips of longitudinal muscles (taenia) characteristic of the colon conjoin to a complete layer once again.

    Follow this link for further information on the anterior abdominal wall.

  1. Indications
  2. Contraindications
  3. Preoperative diagnostic work-up
  4. Special preparation
  5. Informed consent
  6. Anesthesia
  7. Positioning
  8. Operating room setup
  9. Special instruments and fixation systems
  10. Postoperative management

  • Herr Prof. Dr. med. Stefan Post

    Universitätsklinikum Mannheim gGmbH

    Herr Prof. Dr. med. Stefan Post

  • Prof. Dr. med. Marco Niedergethmann

    Krupp Krankenhaus

    Prof. Dr. med. Marco Niedergethmann

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  • Indications

    Paid content (text)

  • Contraindications

    Paid content (text)

  • Preoperative diagnostic work-up

    Paid content (text)

  • Special preparation

    Paid content (text)

  • Informed consent

    Paid content (text)

  • Anesthesia

    Paid content (text)

  • Positioning

    Paid content (image)
    Paid content (text)

  • Operating room setup

    Paid content (image)
    Paid content (text)

  • Special instruments and fixation systems

    Paid content (text)

  • Postoperative management

    Paid content (text)
  1. Instruments, draping, minilaparotomy
  2. Pneumoperitoneum, exploration
  3. Working trocars, freeing the cecum
  4. Dissecting and resecting the appendix
  5. Transecting the mesoappendix, irrigation, suction
  6. Retrieving the appendix
  7. Removing the specimen retrieval bag and trocars
  8. Fascial suture, skin suture, dressing
date of publication: 23.04.2009

  • Herr Prof. Dr. med. Stefan Post

    Universitätsklinikum Mannheim gGmbH

    Herr Prof. Dr. med. Stefan Post

  • Prof. Dr. med. Marco Niedergethmann

    Krupp Krankenhaus

    Prof. Dr. med. Marco Niedergethmann

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  • Instruments, draping, minilaparotomy

    54-4

    Infraumbilical incision, minilaparotomy and insertion of the camera trocar under camera view after placement of fascial stay sutures.

  • Pneumoperitoneum, exploration

    54-5

    Establish the pneumoperitoneum.
    The pressure level should reflect size, age and sex of patient (6–8mmHg in children, 10–14mmHg in adults). Limit the CO2flow rate to 1mL/min.

    Abdominal exploration.

    The video demonstrates acute appendicitis. Laparoscopy always starts with the abominal exploration! In the video, first the right lower quadrant is explored, then the right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, again the area of the appendix, and finally the lesser pelvis. The lower abdominal organs are inspected in the numerical order of the sketch: Inspection around the appendix is followed by uterus and bladder (A), Douglas pouch (B), left ovary (C), and deep inguinal orifice (D). This is continued to the right groin area (E). Then the laparoscope is directed into the right upper quadrant (5) where the gall bladder (F) and right hepatic lobe (G) are inspected. This is followed by inspection of the left upper quadrant: Spleen and gastric corpus (H) as well as left hepatic lobe with falciform ligament, stomach and greater omentum (I).

  • Working trocars, freeing the cecum

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    Under camera view place a 13.5mm trocar in the left lower quadrant and a 5mm trocar in the right lower quadrant. Put the appendix under gentle traction with laparoscopic Babcock forceps or the like.
    Tip: Suprasymphyseal at midline – in complex situations this may be simpler at times).

  • Dissecting and resecting the appendix

    Paid content (video)
    Paid content (image)

    Bluntly dissect the mesoappendix close to the base of the appendix with Overholt forceps (in video with scissors).
    Insert the Endo GIA™ (linear stapler, 30 mm, white cartridge) via the 13.5mm trocar and resect the appendix.
    Note: In the video, the"safe” way of resection is taken. Of course, the appendix may also be resected without a linear cutter, e.g., with a Roeder loop.

  • Transecting the mesoappendix, irrigation, suction

    Paid content (video)
    Paid content (image)

    Transecting the mesoappendix (2ndcartridge).
    The mesoappendix may also be transected with diathermy (caution: risk of secondary bleeding).
    Only explore for Meckel diverticulum if the appendix appears rather unremarkable.
    In Meckel diverticulum:
    Resect the diverticulum sufficiently far from its base with a linear cutter (e.g., Endo GIA™ blue 30mm or 45mm cartridge) (not shown in video).
    Check for any bleeding. Irrigate and suction the surgical field, particularly the Douglas pouch (evacuate it!).

  • Retrieving the appendix

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    Insert a specimen retrieval bag through the 13mm trocar.
    Place the appendix into the bag (alternatively: use cut-off middle finger of a surgical glove size 8.5).

  • Removing the specimen retrieval bag and trocars

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    Remove the specimen retrieval bag from the abdominal cavity via the 13.5mm trocar.
    Suture (Vicryl 0, UR6 needle) the fascia at the 13.5mm trocar site under camera view (not shown in video).
    Remove the 5mm trocar under camera view.
    No routine drainage in clean surgical fields and localized peritonitis!

  • Fascial suture, skin suture, dressing

    Paid content (video)
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    After removal of the camera trocar close the infraumbilical fascia (Vicryl 0, UR6 needle).
    Skin: Subcuticular suture (absorbable monofilament 4/0).

  1. Intraoperative complications
  2. Postoperative complications

  • Herr Prof. Dr. med. Stefan Post

    Universitätsklinikum Mannheim gGmbH

    Herr Prof. Dr. med. Stefan Post

  • Prof. Dr. med. Marco Niedergethmann

    Krupp Krankenhaus

    Prof. Dr. med. Marco Niedergethmann

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  • Intraoperative complications

    Paid content (text)

  • Postoperative complications

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  1. Literature summary
  2. Ongoing trials on this topic
  3. References on this topic
  4. Literature search

  • Herr Prof. Dr. med. Stefan Post

    Universitätsklinikum Mannheim gGmbH

    Herr Prof. Dr. med. Stefan Post

  • Prof. Dr. med. Marco Niedergethmann

    Krupp Krankenhaus

    Prof. Dr. med. Marco Niedergethmann

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  • Literature summary

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  • Ongoing trials on this topic

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  • References on this topic

    Paid content (text)

  • Literature search

    Literature search under: http://www.pubmed.com