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Complications - Open tracheostomy

  1. Intraoperative complications

    • Risks of anesthesia
    • Procedural bleeding
    • Drug induced bleeding (anticoagulants)
    • Endogenous bleeding (hemophilia, liver disorders)
    • Pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum
    • Injury to the recurrent nerve
    • Injury to the cricoid cartilage
    • Cardiac arrest by vagal stimulation
  2. Postoperative complications

    • Bleeding from the tracheostomy
    • Cutaneous emphysema
    • Hemorrhage from eroded major blood vessels