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  1. Intraoperative Complications

    With correct technique, careful preparation, and subtle intermittent hemostasis (e.g., bipolar electrocoagulation), intraoperative complications are very rare. More severe arterial bleeding can be controlled with direct suturing.

  2. Postoperative Complications

    • Delayed healing (long-term success rate of just under 80%)
    • Incontinence rate (depending on the study, between 4.9% and 11%)
    • Recurrence (a case-control study with a five-year follow-up showed a recurrence rate of 11.6%)
    • Abscess
    • Secondary fistula formation