- Bleeding (< 2%)
- Bleeding into the trachea
- Tracheal injury/injury to the posterior tracheal wall ( 2.2 %)
- Injury to the cricoid cartilage
- Pneumothorax (<1%)
- paratracheal misplacement (extremely rare)
- Failed puncture with injury to adjacent organs (carotid artery, esophagus, thyroid gland)
- Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve
- Cardiac arrest due to vagal stimulation
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Intraoperative Complications
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Postoperative Complications
- Bleeding in the postoperative phase
- Subcutaneous emphysema (up to mediastinal emphysema with obstruction of the airways) due to cannula malposition or too small cannula. In this case, air escapes along the blocking cuff in ventilated patients.
- Injury to the posterior tracheal wall with possible consequence of mediastinitis
- Pneumothorax
- Erosive bleeding of large vessels
- Stoma infection (4.8 %)
- Obstruction of the tube by blood or secretion
- Tracheomalacia/Tracheal stenoses as late sequelae due to excessively high cuff internal pressure (<2%) with shrinkage and scar formation
- Scar formation of the tracheostoma
- Tracheoesophageal fistula (extremely rare)